1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
|
# Introduction
This is a wireless medium simulation tool for Linux, based on the netlink API
implemented in the `mac80211_hwsim` kernel driver. Unlike the default in-kernel
forwarding mode of `mac80211_hwsim`, wmediumd allows simulating frame loss and
delay.
This version is forked from an earlier version, hosted here:
https://github.com/cozybit/wmediumd
# Prerequisites
First, you need a recent Linux kernel with the `mac80211_hwsim` module
available. If you do not have this module, you may be able to build it using
the [backports project](https://backports.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page).
Wmediumd requires libnl3.0.
# Building
```
cd wmediumd && make
```
# Using Wmediumd
Starting wmediumd with an appropriate config file is enough to make frames
pass through wmediumd:
```
sudo modprobe mac80211_hwsim radios=2
sudo ./wmediumd/wmediumd -c tests/2node.cfg &
# run some hwsim test
```
However, please see the next section on some potential pitfalls.
A complete example using network namespaces is given at the end of
this document.
# Configuration
Wmediumd supports multiple ways of configuring the wireless medium.
## Perfect medium
With this configuration, all traffic flows between the configured interfaces, identified by their mac address:
```
ifaces :
{
ids = [
"02:00:00:00:00:00",
"02:00:00:00:01:00",
"02:00:00:00:02:00",
"02:00:00:00:03:00"
];
};
```
## Per-link loss probability model
You can simulate a slightly more realistic channel by assigning fixed error
probabilities to each link.
```
ifaces :
{
ids = [
"02:00:00:00:00:00",
"02:00:00:00:01:00",
"02:00:00:00:02:00",
"02:00:00:00:03:00"
];
};
model:
{
type = "prob";
default_prob = 1.0;
links = (
(0, 2, 0.000000),
(2, 3, 0.000000)
);
};
```
The above configuration would assign 0% loss probability (perfect medium) to
all frames flowing between nodes 0 and 2, and 100% loss probability to all
other links. Unless both directions of a link are configured, the loss
probability will be symmetric.
This is a very simplistic model that does not take into account that losses
depend on transmission rates and signal-to-noise ratio. For that, keep reading.
## Per-link signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) model
You can model different signal-to-noise ratios for each link by including a
list of link tuples in the form of (sta1, sta2, snr).
```
ifaces :
{
ids = [
"02:00:00:00:00:00",
"02:00:00:00:01:00",
"02:00:00:00:02:00",
"02:00:00:00:03:00"
];
links = (
(0, 1, 0),
(0, 2, 0),
(2, 0, 10),
(0, 3, 0),
(1, 2, 30),
(1, 3, 10),
(2, 3, 20)
);
};
```
The snr will affect the maximum data rates that are successfully transmitted
over the link.
If only one direction of a link is configured, then the link will be
symmetric. For asymmetric links, configure both directions, as in the
above example where the path between 0 and 2 is usable in only one
direction.
The packet loss error probabilities are derived from this snr. See function
`get_error_prob_from_snr()`. Or you can provide a packet-error-rate table like
the one in `tests/signal_table_ieee80211ax`
## Path loss model
The path loss model derives signal-to-noise and probabilities from the
coordinates of each node. This is an example configuration file for it.
```
ifaces : {...};
model :
{
type = "path_loss";
positions = (
(-50.0, 0.0),
( 0.0, 40.0),
( 0.0, -70.0),
( 50.0, 0.0)
);
directions = (
( 0.0, 0.0),
( 0.0, 10.0),
( 0.0, 10.0),
( 0.0, 0.0)
);
tx_powers = (15.0, 15.0, 15.0, 15.0);
model_name = "log_distance";
path_loss_exp = 3.5;
xg = 0.0;
};
```
## Gotchas
### Allowable MAC addresses
The kernel only allows wmediumd to work on the second available hardware
address, which has bit 6 set in the most significant octet
(i.e. 42:00:00:xx:xx:xx, not 02:00:00:xx:xx:xx). Set this appropriately
using 'ip link set address'.
This issue was fixed in commit cd37a90b2a417e5882414e19954eeed174aa4d29
in Linux, released in kernel 4.1.0.
### Rates
wmediumd's rate table is currently hardcoded to 802.11a OFDM rates.
Therefore, either operate wmediumd networks in 5 GHz channels, or supply
a rateset for the BSS with no CCK rates.
### Send-to-self
By default, traffic between local devices in Linux will not go over
the wire / wireless medium. This is true of vanilla hwsim as well.
In order to make this happen, you need to either run the hwsim interfaces
in separate network namespaces, or you need to set up routing rules with
the hwsim devices at a higher priority than local forwarding.
`tests/test-001.sh` contains an example of the latter setup.
# Example session
The following sequence of commands establishes a two-node mesh using network
namespaces.
```
sudo modprobe -r mac80211_hwsim
sudo modprobe mac80211_hwsim
sudo ./wmediumd/wmediumd -c ./tests/2node.cfg
# in window 2
sudo lxc-unshare -s NETWORK bash
ps | grep bash # note pid
# in window 1
sudo iw phy phy2 set netns $pid
sudo ip link set wlan1 down
sudo iw dev wlan1 set type mp
sudo ip link set addr 42:00:00:00:00:00 dev wlan1
sudo ip link set wlan1 up
sudo ip addr add 10.10.10.1/24 dev wlan1
sudo iw dev wlan1 set channel 149
sudo iw dev wlan1 mesh join meshabc
# in window 2
ip link set lo
sudo ip link set wlan2 down
sudo iw dev wlan2 set type mp
sudo ip link set addr 42:00:00:00:01:00 dev wlan2
sudo ip link set wlan2 up
sudo ip addr add 10.10.10.2/24 dev wlan2
sudo iw dev wlan2 set channel 149
sudo iw dev wlan2 mesh join meshabc
iperf -u -s -i 10 -B 10.10.10.2
# in window 1
iperf -u -c 10.10.10.2 -b 100M -i 10 -t 120
```
|
