Image capture benchmark (#85)

Benchmarks to measure the time between an onClick event on the Capture Button and onImageCapture callback being fired.

* Front / Rear camera image capture with and without flash.
* Macrobenchmark UI automator helper functions to set up camera for testing.

15 files changed, 375 insertions, 61 deletions

diff --git a/benchmark/build.gradle.kts b/benchmark/build.gradle.kts
index bd20c97..416dced 100644
--- a/benchmark/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/benchmark/build.gradle.kts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 android {
-    namespace = "com.example.benchmark"
+    namespace = "com.google.jetpackcamera.benchmark"
     compileSdk = 34
 
     compileOptions {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ android {
 
 dependencies {
     implementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.5")
-    implementation("androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro-junit4:1.2.1")
+    implementation("androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro-junit4:1.2.2")
 }
 
 androidComponents {
diff --git a/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/ImageCaptureLatencyBenchmark.kt b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/ImageCaptureLatencyBenchmark.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..378bb6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/ImageCaptureLatencyBenchmark.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.jetpackcamera.benchmark
+
+import androidx.benchmark.macro.ExperimentalMetricApi
+import androidx.benchmark.macro.TraceSectionMetric
+import androidx.benchmark.macro.junit4.MacrobenchmarkRule
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class ImageCaptureLatencyBenchmark {
+    @get:Rule
+    val benchmarkRule = MacrobenchmarkRule()
+
+    @Test
+    fun rearCameraNoFlashLatency() {
+        imageCaptureLatency(shouldFaceFront = false, flashMode = FlashMode.OFF)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun frontCameraNoFlashLatency() {
+        imageCaptureLatency(shouldFaceFront = true, flashMode = FlashMode.OFF)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun rearCameraWithFlashLatency() {
+        imageCaptureLatency(shouldFaceFront = false, flashMode = FlashMode.ON)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun frontCameraWithFlashLatency() {
+        imageCaptureLatency(shouldFaceFront = true, flashMode = FlashMode.ON)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Measures the time between an onClick event on the Capture Button and onImageCapture
+     * callback being fired from
+     * [takePicture][com.google.jetpackcamera.domain.camera.CameraXCameraUseCase.takePicture].
+     *
+     *  @param shouldFaceFront the direction the camera should be facing.
+     *  @param flashMode the designated [FlashMode] for the camera.
+     *  @param timeout option to change the default timeout length after clicking the Image Capture
+     *  button.
+     *
+     */
+    @OptIn(ExperimentalMetricApi::class)
+    private fun imageCaptureLatency(
+        shouldFaceFront: Boolean,
+        flashMode: FlashMode,
+        timeout: Long = 15000
+    ) {
+        benchmarkRule.measureRepeated(
+            packageName = JCA_PACKAGE_NAME,
+            metrics = listOf(
+                TraceSectionMetric(sectionName = IMAGE_CAPTURE_TRACE, targetPackageOnly = false)
+            ),
+            iterations = DEFAULT_TEST_ITERATIONS,
+            setupBlock = {
+                allowCamera()
+                pressHome()
+                startActivityAndWait()
+                toggleQuickSettings(device)
+                setQuickFrontFacingCamera(shouldFaceFront = shouldFaceFront, device = device)
+                setQuickSetFlash(flashMode = flashMode, device = device)
+                toggleQuickSettings(device)
+                device.waitForIdle()
+            }
+
+        ) {
+            device.waitForIdle()
+
+            clickCaptureButton(device)
+
+            // ensure trace is closed
+            findObjectByRes(
+                device = device,
+                testTag = IMAGE_CAPTURE_SUCCESS_TOAST,
+                timeout = timeout,
+                shouldFailIfNotFound = true
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/src/main/java/com/example/benchmark/Permissions.kt b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/Permissions.kt
index 9a6d595..af8d7d5 100644
--- a/benchmark/src/main/java/com/example/benchmark/Permissions.kt
+++ b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/Permissions.kt
@@ -13,17 +13,14 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package com.example.benchmark
+package com.google.jetpackcamera.benchmark
 
 import android.Manifest.permission
-import android.os.Build
 import androidx.benchmark.macro.MacrobenchmarkScope
 import org.junit.Assert
 
 fun MacrobenchmarkScope.allowCamera() {
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
-        val command = "pm grant $packageName ${permission.CAMERA}"
-        val output = device.executeShellCommand(command)
-        Assert.assertEquals("", output)
-    }
+    val command = "pm grant $packageName ${permission.CAMERA}"
+    val output = device.executeShellCommand(command)
+    Assert.assertEquals("", output)
 }
diff --git a/benchmark/src/main/java/com/example/benchmark/StartupBenchmark.kt b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/StartupBenchmark.kt
index 4b5e4f8..f8c1f71 100644
--- a/benchmark/src/main/java/com/example/benchmark/StartupBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/StartupBenchmark.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package com.example.benchmark
+package com.google.jetpackcamera.benchmark
 
 import androidx.benchmark.macro.MacrobenchmarkScope
 import androidx.benchmark.macro.StartupMode
@@ -25,14 +25,6 @@ import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
 /**
- * This is an example startup benchmark.
- *
- * It navigates to the device's home screen, and launches the default activity.
- *
- * Before running this benchmark:
- * 1) switch your app's active build variant in the Studio (affects Studio runs only)
- * 2) add `<profileable android:shell="true" />` to your app's manifest, within the `<application>` tag
- *
  * Run this benchmark from Studio to see startup measurements, and captured system traces
  * for investigating your app's performance.
  */
@@ -77,9 +69,9 @@ class StartupBenchmark {
         startupMode: StartupMode? = StartupMode.COLD
     ) {
         benchmarkRule.measureRepeated(
-            packageName = "com.google.jetpackcamera",
+            packageName = JCA_PACKAGE_NAME,
             metrics = listOf(StartupTimingMetric()),
-            iterations = 5,
+            iterations = DEFAULT_TEST_ITERATIONS,
             startupMode = startupMode,
             setupBlock = setupBlock
 
diff --git a/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/Utils.kt b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/Utils.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d6f8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/benchmark/Utils.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.jetpackcamera.benchmark
+
+import androidx.test.uiautomator.By
+import androidx.test.uiautomator.UiDevice
+import androidx.test.uiautomator.UiObject2
+import androidx.test.uiautomator.Until
+import org.junit.Assert
+
+const val JCA_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.google.jetpackcamera"
+const val DEFAULT_TEST_ITERATIONS = 5
+
+// test tags
+const val CAPTURE_BUTTON = "CaptureButton"
+const val QUICK_SETTINGS_DROP_DOWN_BUTTON = "QuickSettingDropDown"
+const val QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_BUTTON = "QuickSetFlash"
+const val QUICK_SETTINGS_FLIP_CAMERA_BUTTON = "QuickSetFlipCamera"
+const val IMAGE_CAPTURE_SUCCESS_TOAST = "ImageCaptureSuccessToast"
+
+// test descriptions
+const val QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_OFF = "QUICK SETTINGS FLASH IS OFF"
+const val QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_ON = "QUICK SETTINGS FLASH IS ON"
+const val QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_AUTO = "QUICK SETTINGS FLASH IS AUTO"
+const val QUICK_SETTINGS_LENS_FRONT = "QUICK SETTINGS LENS FACING FRONT"
+
+// trace tags
+const val IMAGE_CAPTURE_TRACE = "JCA Image Capture"
+
+// enums
+enum class FlashMode {
+    ON,
+    OFF,
+    AUTO
+}
+// todo(kimblebee): designate "default testing settings" to ensure consistency of benchmarks
+
+/**
+ * function to click capture button on device.
+ *
+ * @param duration length of the click.
+ */
+fun clickCaptureButton(device: UiDevice, duration: Long = 0) {
+    findObjectByRes(device, CAPTURE_BUTTON)!!.click(duration)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Toggle open or close quick settings menu on a device.
+ */
+fun toggleQuickSettings(device: UiDevice) {
+    findObjectByRes(
+        device = device,
+        testTag = QUICK_SETTINGS_DROP_DOWN_BUTTON,
+        shouldFailIfNotFound = true
+    )!!.click()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set device direction using quick settings.
+ *
+ * Quick Settings must first be opened with a call to [toggleQuickSettings]
+ *
+ *  @param shouldFaceFront the direction the camera should be facing
+ */
+fun setQuickFrontFacingCamera(shouldFaceFront: Boolean, device: UiDevice) {
+    val isFrontFacing = findObjectByDesc(device, QUICK_SETTINGS_LENS_FRONT) != null
+
+    if (isFrontFacing != shouldFaceFront) {
+        findObjectByRes(
+            device = device,
+            testTag = QUICK_SETTINGS_FLIP_CAMERA_BUTTON,
+            shouldFailIfNotFound = true
+        )!!.click()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set device flash mode using quick settings.
+ * @param flashMode the designated [FlashMode] for the camera
+ *
+ */
+
+fun setQuickSetFlash(flashMode: FlashMode, device: UiDevice) {
+    val selector =
+        when (flashMode) {
+            FlashMode.AUTO -> By.desc(QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_AUTO)
+            FlashMode.ON -> By.desc(QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_ON)
+            FlashMode.OFF -> By.desc(QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_OFF)
+        }
+    while (device.findObject(selector) == null) {
+        findObjectByRes(
+            device = device,
+            testTag = QUICK_SETTINGS_FLASH_BUTTON,
+            shouldFailIfNotFound = true
+        )!!.click()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find a composable by its test tag.
+ */
+fun findObjectByRes(
+    device: UiDevice,
+    testTag: String,
+    timeout: Long = 2_500,
+    shouldFailIfNotFound: Boolean = false
+): UiObject2? {
+    val selector = By.res(testTag)
+
+    return if (!device.wait(Until.hasObject(selector), timeout)) {
+        if (shouldFailIfNotFound) {
+            Assert.fail("Did not find object with id $testTag")
+        }
+        null
+    } else {
+        device.findObject(selector)
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find an object by its test description.
+ */
+fun findObjectByDesc(
+    device: UiDevice,
+    testDesc: String,
+    timeout: Long = 2_500,
+    shouldFailIfNotFound: Boolean = false
+): UiObject2? {
+    val selector = By.desc(testDesc)
+
+    return if (!device.wait(Until.hasObject(selector), timeout)) {
+        if (shouldFailIfNotFound) {
+            Assert.fail("Did not find object with id $testDesc in $timeout ms")
+        }
+        null
+    } else {
+        device.findObject(selector)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/domain/camera/build.gradle.kts b/domain/camera/build.gradle.kts
index 4a6bacb..883612e 100644
--- a/domain/camera/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/domain/camera/build.gradle.kts
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ android {
 }
 
 dependencies {
+    implementation("androidx.tracing:tracing-ktx:1.2.0")
     // Testing
     testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13.2")
     testImplementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-test:1.6")
diff --git a/domain/camera/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/domain/camera/CameraXCameraUseCase.kt b/domain/camera/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/domain/camera/CameraXCameraUseCase.kt
index 1517d16..1e5d840 100644
--- a/domain/camera/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/domain/camera/CameraXCameraUseCase.kt
+++ b/domain/camera/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/domain/camera/CameraXCameraUseCase.kt
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.asSharedFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 
 private const val TAG = "CameraXCameraUseCase"
+private const val IMAGE_CAPTURE_TRACE = "JCA Image Capture"
 
 /**
  * CameraX based implementation for [CameraUseCase]
@@ -185,7 +186,6 @@ constructor(
             )
                 .setContentValues(contentValues)
                 .build()
-
         recording =
             videoCaptureUseCase.output
                 .prepareRecording(application, mediaStoreOutput)
diff --git a/feature/preview/build.gradle.kts b/feature/preview/build.gradle.kts
index 5cec765..e9a90eb 100644
--- a/feature/preview/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/feature/preview/build.gradle.kts
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ android {
 }
 
 dependencies {
+    implementation("androidx.tracing:tracing-ktx:1.2.0")
     // Compose
     val composeBom = platform("androidx.compose:compose-bom:2023.08.00")
     implementation(composeBom)
diff --git a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewScreen.kt b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewScreen.kt
index 70341ea..e0521c1 100644
--- a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewScreen.kt
+++ b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewScreen.kt
@@ -55,12 +55,13 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.hilt.navigation.compose.hiltViewModel
 import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
 import androidx.lifecycle.repeatOnLifecycle
+import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.CAPTURE_BUTTON
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.CaptureButton
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.FlipCameraButton
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.PreviewDisplay
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.ScreenFlashScreen
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.SettingsNavButton
-import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.ShowToast
+import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.ShowTestableToast
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.TestingButton
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.ZoomScaleText
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.quicksettings.QuickSettingsScreen
@@ -234,6 +235,8 @@ fun PreviewScreen(
                     val multipleEventsCutter = remember { MultipleEventsCutter() }
                     /*todo: close quick settings on start record/image capture*/
                     CaptureButton(
+                        modifier = Modifier
+                            .testTag(CAPTURE_BUTTON),
                         onClick = {
                             multipleEventsCutter.processEvent { viewModel.captureImage() }
                         },
@@ -253,14 +256,15 @@ fun PreviewScreen(
                     )
                 }
             }
-        }
-
-        // displays toast when there is a message to show
-        if (previewUiState.toastMessageToShow != null) {
-            ShowToast(
-                toastMessage = previewUiState.toastMessageToShow!!,
-                onToastShown = viewModel::onToastShown
-            )
+            // displays toast when there is a message to show
+            if (previewUiState.toastMessageToShow != null) {
+                ShowTestableToast(
+                    modifier = Modifier
+                        .testTag(previewUiState.toastMessageToShow!!.testTag),
+                    toastMessage = previewUiState.toastMessageToShow!!,
+                    onToastShown = viewModel::onToastShown
+                )
+            }
         }
 
         // Screen flash overlay that stays on top of everything but invisible normally. This should
diff --git a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewViewModel.kt b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewViewModel.kt
index f8de985..e491ab4 100644
--- a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewViewModel.kt
+++ b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/PreviewViewModel.kt
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import androidx.camera.core.ImageCaptureException
 import androidx.camera.core.Preview.SurfaceProvider
 import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel
 import androidx.lifecycle.viewModelScope
+import androidx.tracing.traceAsync
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.domain.camera.CameraUseCase
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui.ToastMessage
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.settings.SettingsRepository
@@ -30,12 +31,15 @@ import com.google.jetpackcamera.settings.model.DEFAULT_CAMERA_APP_SETTINGS
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.settings.model.FlashMode
 import dagger.hilt.android.lifecycle.HiltViewModel
 import javax.inject.Inject
+import kotlin.time.Duration.Companion.seconds
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
+import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.StateFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 
 private const val TAG = "PreviewViewModel"
+private const val IMAGE_CAPTURE_TRACE = "JCA Image Capture"
 
 // toast test descriptions
 const val IMAGE_CAPTURE_SUCCESS_TOAST_TAG = "ImageCaptureSuccessToast"
@@ -201,27 +205,32 @@ class PreviewViewModel @Inject constructor(
     fun captureImage() {
         Log.d(TAG, "captureImage")
         viewModelScope.launch {
-            try {
-                cameraUseCase.takePicture()
-                // todo: remove toast after postcapture screen implemented
-                _previewUiState.emit(
-                    previewUiState.value.copy(
-                        toastMessageToShow = ToastMessage(
-                            stringResource = R.string.toast_image_capture_success,
-                            testTag = IMAGE_CAPTURE_SUCCESS_TOAST_TAG
+            traceAsync(IMAGE_CAPTURE_TRACE, 0) {
+                try {
+                    cameraUseCase.takePicture()
+                    // todo: remove toast after postcapture screen implemented
+                    _previewUiState.emit(
+                        previewUiState.value.copy(
+                            toastMessageToShow = ToastMessage(
+                                stringResource = R.string.toast_image_capture_success,
+                                testTag = IMAGE_CAPTURE_SUCCESS_TOAST_TAG
+                            )
                         )
                     )
-                )
-            } catch (exception: ImageCaptureException) {
-                // todo: remove toast after postcapture screen implemented
-                _previewUiState.emit(
-                    previewUiState.value.copy(
-                        toastMessageToShow = ToastMessage(
-                            stringResource = R.string.toast_capture_failure,
-                            testTag = IMAGE_CAPTURE_FAIL_TOAST_TAG
+                    Log.d(TAG, "cameraUseCase.takePicture success")
+                } catch (exception: ImageCaptureException) {
+                    // todo: remove toast after postcapture screen implemented
+                    _previewUiState.emit(
+                        previewUiState.value.copy(
+                            toastMessageToShow = ToastMessage(
+                                stringResource = R.string.toast_capture_failure,
+                                testTag = IMAGE_CAPTURE_FAIL_TOAST_TAG
+                            )
                         )
                     )
-                )
+                    Log.d(TAG, "cameraUseCase.takePicture error")
+                    Log.d(TAG, exception.toString())
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -288,6 +297,8 @@ class PreviewViewModel @Inject constructor(
 
     fun onToastShown() {
         viewModelScope.launch {
+            // keeps the composable up on screen longer to be detected by UiAutomator
+            delay(2.seconds)
             _previewUiState.emit(
                 previewUiState.value.copy(
                     toastMessageToShow = null
diff --git a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/PreviewScreenComponents.kt b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/PreviewScreenComponents.kt
index 06f3d4c..6d16f1d 100644
--- a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/PreviewScreenComponents.kt
+++ b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/PreviewScreenComponents.kt
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ import androidx.compose.material3.SuggestionChip
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
 import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.draw.alpha
@@ -54,7 +56,6 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.input.pointer.pointerInput
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
-import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.contentDescription
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.R
@@ -66,24 +67,37 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.CompletableDeferred
 private const val TAG = "PreviewScreen"
 
 /**
- * Displays a [Toast] with specifications set by a [ToastMessage].
+ * An invisible box that will display a [Toast] with specifications set by a [ToastMessage].
  *
  * @param toastMessage the specifications for the [Toast].
  * @param onToastShown called once the Toast has been displayed.
  */
 @Composable
-fun ShowToast(modifier: Modifier = Modifier, toastMessage: ToastMessage, onToastShown: () -> Unit) {
+fun ShowTestableToast(
+    modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
+    toastMessage: ToastMessage,
+    onToastShown: () -> Unit
+) {
+    val toastShownStatus = remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
     Box(
-        modifier
+        // box seems to need to have some size to be detected by UiAutomator
+        modifier = modifier
+            .size(20.dp)
             .testTag(toastMessage.testTag)
     ) {
-        Toast.makeText(
-            LocalContext.current,
-            stringResource(id = toastMessage.stringResource),
-            toastMessage.toastLength
-        ).show()
-        onToastShown()
+        // prevents toast from being spammed
+        if (!toastShownStatus.value) {
+            Toast.makeText(
+                LocalContext.current,
+                stringResource(id = toastMessage.stringResource),
+                toastMessage.toastLength
+            )
+                .show()
+            toastShownStatus.value = true
+            onToastShown()
+        }
     }
+    Log.d(TAG, "Toast Displayed with message: ${stringResource(id = toastMessage.stringResource)}")
 }
 
 /**
@@ -246,7 +260,6 @@ fun CaptureButton(
 ) {
     Box(
         modifier = modifier
-            .testTag("CaptureButton")
             .fillMaxHeight()
             .pointerInput(Unit) {
                 detectTapGestures(
diff --git a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/TestTags.kt b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/TestTags.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da4204a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/TestTags.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.preview.ui
+
+const val CAPTURE_BUTTON = "CaptureButton"
+const val SETTINGS_BUTTON = "SettingsButton"
+const val DEFAULT_CAMERA_FACING_SETTING = "SetDefaultCameraFacingSwitch"
diff --git a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/ToastMessage.kt b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/ToastMessage.kt
index f86a8dd..b7003da 100644
--- a/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/ToastMessage.kt
+++ b/feature/preview/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/preview/ui/ToastMessage.kt
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import android.widget.Toast
  *
  * @param stringResource the resource ID of to be displayed.
  * @param isLongToast determines if the display time is [Toast.LENGTH_LONG] or [Toast.LENGTH_SHORT].
- * @property testTag the identifiable resource ID of a [ShowToast] on screen.
+ * @property testTag the identifiable resource ID of a [ShowTestableToast] on screen.
  */
 class ToastMessage(
     val stringResource: Int,
diff --git a/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/QuickSettingsScreen.kt b/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/QuickSettingsScreen.kt
index b2b9f32..6b0ba2f 100644
--- a/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/QuickSettingsScreen.kt
+++ b/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/QuickSettingsScreen.kt
@@ -30,11 +30,14 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
 import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
 import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
+import androidx.compose.ui.ExperimentalComposeUiApi
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.draw.alpha
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.dimensionResource
+import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.semantics
+import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.testTagsAsResourceId
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.quicksettings.ui.DropDownIcon
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.quicksettings.ui.ExpandedQuickSetRatio
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.quicksettings.ui.QuickFlipCamera
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ import com.google.jetpackcamera.settings.model.FlashMode
 /**
  * The UI component for quick settings.
  */
+@OptIn(ExperimentalComposeUiApi::class)
 @Composable
 fun QuickSettingsScreen(
     modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
@@ -83,6 +87,9 @@ fun QuickSettingsScreen(
                 .fillMaxSize()
                 .background(color = backgroundColor.value)
                 .alpha(alpha = contentAlpha.value)
+                .semantics {
+                    testTagsAsResourceId = true
+                }
                 .clickable {
                     // if a setting is expanded, click on the background to close it.
                     // if no other settings are expanded, then close the popup
diff --git a/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/ui/QuickSettingsComponents.kt b/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/ui/QuickSettingsComponents.kt
index 46349d1..d3bb28c 100644
--- a/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/ui/QuickSettingsComponents.kt
+++ b/feature/quicksettings/src/main/java/com/google/jetpackcamera/feature/quicksettings/ui/QuickSettingsComponents.kt
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.dimensionResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.painterResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
+import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.contentDescription
+import androidx.compose.ui.semantics.semantics
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.quicksettings.CameraAspectRatio
 import com.google.jetpackcamera.feature.quicksettings.CameraFlashMode
@@ -119,7 +121,15 @@ fun QuickSetFlash(
         FlashMode.ON -> CameraFlashMode.ON
     }
     QuickSettingUiItem(
-        modifier = modifier,
+        modifier = modifier
+            .semantics {
+                contentDescription =
+                    when (enum) {
+                        CameraFlashMode.OFF -> "QUICK SETTINGS FLASH IS OFF"
+                        CameraFlashMode.AUTO -> "QUICK SETTINGS FLASH IS AUTO"
+                        CameraFlashMode.ON -> "QUICK SETTINGS FLASH IS ON"
+                    }
+            },
         enum = enum,
         isHighLighted = currentFlashMode == FlashMode.ON,
         onClick =
@@ -141,7 +151,14 @@ fun QuickFlipCamera(
             false -> CameraLensFace.BACK
         }
     QuickSettingUiItem(
-        modifier = modifier,
+        modifier = modifier
+            .semantics {
+                contentDescription =
+                    when (enum) {
+                        CameraLensFace.FRONT -> "QUICK SETTINGS LENS FACING FRONT"
+                        CameraLensFace.BACK -> "QUICK SETTINGS LENS FACING BACK"
+                    }
+            },
         enum = enum,
         onClick = { flipCamera(!currentFacingFront) }
     )