[Release] Bump version to 1.61.0-pre2 (on v1.61.x branch) (#35626)

Change was created by the release automation script. See
go/grpc-release.

A few Ruby fixes added to `v1.61.x` branch after the `-pre1` cut.

41 files changed, 44 insertions, 44 deletions

diff --git a/BUILD b/BUILD
index 3146f62767..e582d0326d 100644
--- a/BUILD
+++ b/BUILD
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ g_stands_for = "grand"  # @unused
 
 core_version = "38.0.0"  # @unused
 
-version = "1.61.0-pre1"  # @unused
+version = "1.61.0-pre2"  # @unused
 
 GPR_PUBLIC_HDRS = [
     "include/grpc/support/alloc.h",
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index bdbb3e7a73..045ca691a9 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8)
 
 set(PACKAGE_NAME          "grpc")
-set(PACKAGE_VERSION       "1.61.0-pre1")
+set(PACKAGE_VERSION       "1.61.0-pre2")
 set(gRPC_CORE_VERSION     "38.0.0")
 set(gRPC_CORE_SOVERSION   "38")
-set(gRPC_CPP_VERSION      "1.61.0-pre1")
+set(gRPC_CPP_VERSION      "1.61.0-pre2")
 set(gRPC_CPP_SOVERSION    "1.61")
 set(PACKAGE_STRING        "${PACKAGE_NAME} ${PACKAGE_VERSION}")
 set(PACKAGE_TARNAME       "${PACKAGE_NAME}-${PACKAGE_VERSION}")
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 9e898d91c0..120838d056 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ Q = @
 endif
 
 CORE_VERSION = 38.0.0
-CPP_VERSION = 1.61.0-pre1
+CPP_VERSION = 1.61.0-pre2
 
 CPPFLAGS_NO_ARCH += $(addprefix -I, $(INCLUDES)) $(addprefix -D, $(DEFINES))
 CPPFLAGS += $(CPPFLAGS_NO_ARCH) $(ARCH_FLAGS)
diff --git a/_metadata.py b/_metadata.py
index 0c77db9db9..3b07ad7c9b 100644
--- a/_metadata.py
+++ b/_metadata.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/_metadata.py.template`!!!
 
-__version__ = """1.61.0rc1"""
+__version__ = """1.61.0rc2"""
diff --git a/build_handwritten.yaml b/build_handwritten.yaml
index a125a29fa8..b6fc687902 100644
--- a/build_handwritten.yaml
+++ b/build_handwritten.yaml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ settings:
   csharp_major_version: 2
   g_stands_for: grand
   protobuf_version: 3.25.1
-  version: 1.61.0-pre1
+  version: 1.61.0-pre2
 configs:
   asan:
     CC: clang
diff --git a/config.m4 b/config.m4
index f9526365c6..4545144643 100644
--- a/config.m4
+++ b/config.m4
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ if test "$PHP_GRPC" != "no"; then
     -D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0 -DNOMINMAX -DGRPC_ARES=0 \
     -DGRPC_POSIX_FORK_ALLOW_PTHREAD_ATFORK=1 \
     -DGRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX='"\"PHP\""' \
-    -DGRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX='"\"1.61.0RC1\""')
+    -DGRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX='"\"1.61.0RC2\""')
 
   PHP_ADD_BUILD_DIR($ext_builddir/src/core/ext/filters/backend_metrics)
   PHP_ADD_BUILD_DIR($ext_builddir/src/core/ext/filters/census)
diff --git a/gRPC-C++.podspec b/gRPC-C++.podspec
index d738e43373..4edbfc352f 100644
--- a/gRPC-C++.podspec
+++ b/gRPC-C++.podspec
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 Pod::Spec.new do |s|
   s.name     = 'gRPC-C++'
   # TODO (mxyan): use version that match gRPC version when pod is stabilized
-  version = '1.61.0-pre1'
+  version = '1.61.0-pre2'
   s.version  = version
   s.summary  = 'gRPC C++ library'
   s.homepage = 'https://grpc.io'
diff --git a/gRPC-Core.podspec b/gRPC-Core.podspec
index 84189d592c..8b9429ca5b 100644
--- a/gRPC-Core.podspec
+++ b/gRPC-Core.podspec
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 Pod::Spec.new do |s|
   s.name     = 'gRPC-Core'
-  version = '1.61.0-pre1'
+  version = '1.61.0-pre2'
   s.version  = version
   s.summary  = 'Core cross-platform gRPC library, written in C'
   s.homepage = 'https://grpc.io'
diff --git a/gRPC-ProtoRPC.podspec b/gRPC-ProtoRPC.podspec
index e181dd2c5d..3e54cc9945 100644
--- a/gRPC-ProtoRPC.podspec
+++ b/gRPC-ProtoRPC.podspec
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 Pod::Spec.new do |s|
   s.name     = 'gRPC-ProtoRPC'
-  version = '1.61.0-pre1'
+  version = '1.61.0-pre2'
   s.version  = version
   s.summary  = 'RPC library for Protocol Buffers, based on gRPC'
   s.homepage = 'https://grpc.io'
diff --git a/gRPC-RxLibrary.podspec b/gRPC-RxLibrary.podspec
index 9b69a31126..9685ab711e 100644
--- a/gRPC-RxLibrary.podspec
+++ b/gRPC-RxLibrary.podspec
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 Pod::Spec.new do |s|
   s.name     = 'gRPC-RxLibrary'
-  version = '1.61.0-pre1'
+  version = '1.61.0-pre2'
   s.version  = version
   s.summary  = 'Reactive Extensions library for iOS/OSX.'
   s.homepage = 'https://grpc.io'
diff --git a/gRPC.podspec b/gRPC.podspec
index 1a556be8bc..881d7fe3f0 100644
--- a/gRPC.podspec
+++ b/gRPC.podspec
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 Pod::Spec.new do |s|
   s.name     = 'gRPC'
-  version = '1.61.0-pre1'
+  version = '1.61.0-pre2'
   s.version  = version
   s.summary  = 'gRPC client library for iOS/OSX'
   s.homepage = 'https://grpc.io'
diff --git a/include/grpcpp/version_info.h b/include/grpcpp/version_info.h
index 19ee38aa59..48b18fb796 100644
--- a/include/grpcpp/version_info.h
+++ b/include/grpcpp/version_info.h
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #define GRPC_CPP_VERSION_MAJOR 1
 #define GRPC_CPP_VERSION_MINOR 61
 #define GRPC_CPP_VERSION_PATCH 0
-#define GRPC_CPP_VERSION_TAG "pre1"
-#define GRPC_CPP_VERSION_STRING "1.61.0-pre1"
+#define GRPC_CPP_VERSION_TAG "pre2"
+#define GRPC_CPP_VERSION_STRING "1.61.0-pre2"
 
 #endif  // GRPCPP_VERSION_INFO_H
diff --git a/package.xml b/package.xml
index 20cfb4c6eb..c8de1a8cd0 100644
--- a/package.xml
+++ b/package.xml
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
  <date>2019-09-24</date>
  <time>16:06:07</time>
  <version>
-  <release>1.61.0RC1</release>
-  <api>1.61.0RC1</api>
+  <release>1.61.0RC2</release>
+  <api>1.61.0RC2</api>
  </version>
  <stability>
   <release>beta</release>
diff --git a/src/csharp/build/dependencies.props b/src/csharp/build/dependencies.props
index 50f6384bb8..18b6d06353 100644
--- a/src/csharp/build/dependencies.props
+++ b/src/csharp/build/dependencies.props
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <!-- This file is generated -->
 <Project>
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <GrpcCsharpVersion>2.61.0-pre1</GrpcCsharpVersion>
+    <GrpcCsharpVersion>2.61.0-pre2</GrpcCsharpVersion>
     <GoogleProtobufVersion>3.25.1</GoogleProtobufVersion>
   </PropertyGroup>
 </Project>
diff --git a/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCCppPlugin.podspec b/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCCppPlugin.podspec
index a5b8be02c2..20e34f0f2a 100644
--- a/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCCppPlugin.podspec
+++ b/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCCppPlugin.podspec
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Pod::Spec.new do |s|
   # exclamation mark ensures that other "regular" pods will be able to find it as it'll be installed
   # before them.
   s.name     = '!ProtoCompiler-gRPCCppPlugin'
-  v = '1.61.0-pre1'
+  v = '1.61.0-pre2'
   s.version  = v
   s.summary  = 'The gRPC ProtoC plugin generates C++ files from .proto services.'
   s.description = <<-DESC
diff --git a/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCPlugin.podspec b/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCPlugin.podspec
index c1986a2e6b..ad91ee3b94 100644
--- a/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCPlugin.podspec
+++ b/src/objective-c/!ProtoCompiler-gRPCPlugin.podspec
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Pod::Spec.new do |s|
   # exclamation mark ensures that other "regular" pods will be able to find it as it'll be installed
   # before them.
   s.name     = '!ProtoCompiler-gRPCPlugin'
-  v = '1.61.0-pre1'
+  v = '1.61.0-pre2'
   s.version  = v
   s.summary  = 'The gRPC ProtoC plugin generates Objective-C files from .proto services.'
   s.description = <<-DESC
diff --git a/src/objective-c/GRPCClient/version.h b/src/objective-c/GRPCClient/version.h
index 555503201c..58ac60500a 100644
--- a/src/objective-c/GRPCClient/version.h
+++ b/src/objective-c/GRPCClient/version.h
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@
 // instead. This file can be regenerated from the template by running
 // `tools/buildgen/generate_projects.sh`.
 
-#define GRPC_OBJC_VERSION_STRING @"1.61.0-pre1"
+#define GRPC_OBJC_VERSION_STRING @"1.61.0-pre2"
diff --git a/src/objective-c/tests/version.h b/src/objective-c/tests/version.h
index a5e7eacad4..72b81a7a64 100644
--- a/src/objective-c/tests/version.h
+++ b/src/objective-c/tests/version.h
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@
 // instead. This file can be regenerated from the template by running
 // `tools/buildgen/generate_projects.sh`.
 
-#define GRPC_OBJC_VERSION_STRING @"1.61.0-pre1"
+#define GRPC_OBJC_VERSION_STRING @"1.61.0-pre2"
 #define GRPC_C_VERSION_STRING @"38.0.0"
diff --git a/src/php/ext/grpc/version.h b/src/php/ext/grpc/version.h
index b46b38db46..bfbe26a2f5 100644
--- a/src/php/ext/grpc/version.h
+++ b/src/php/ext/grpc/version.h
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@
 #ifndef VERSION_H
 #define VERSION_H
 
-#define PHP_GRPC_VERSION "1.61.0RC1"
+#define PHP_GRPC_VERSION "1.61.0RC2"
 
 #endif /* VERSION_H */
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio/grpc/_grpcio_metadata.py b/src/python/grpcio/grpc/_grpcio_metadata.py
index 92d52465f2..d731bdbe4a 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio/grpc/_grpcio_metadata.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio/grpc/_grpcio_metadata.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio/grpc/_grpcio_metadata.py.template`!!!
 
-__version__ = """1.61.0rc1"""
+__version__ = """1.61.0rc2"""
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio/grpc_version.py
index 50abb6ad55..fb930713af 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_admin/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_admin/grpc_version.py
index 46fb4b12c6..0a1c898194 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_admin/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_admin/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_admin/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_channelz/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_channelz/grpc_version.py
index 102b617a8a..0b9c41b088 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_channelz/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_channelz/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_channelz/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_csds/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_csds/grpc_version.py
index 911a6b875a..540f7d7b00 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_csds/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_csds/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_csds/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_health_checking/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_health_checking/grpc_version.py
index b06500a696..b7b4e27b54 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_health_checking/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_health_checking/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_health_checking/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_observability/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_observability/grpc_version.py
index 84a2976311..fe2ad46ffc 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_observability/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_observability/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_observability/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_reflection/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_reflection/grpc_version.py
index 60695445b1..44ea672abc 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_reflection/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_reflection/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_reflection/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_status/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_status/grpc_version.py
index f1e587bc00..db0de472ec 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_status/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_status/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_status/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_testing/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_testing/grpc_version.py
index 612fb65f9d..1ec8d17413 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_testing/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_testing/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_testing/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/python/grpcio_tests/grpc_version.py b/src/python/grpcio_tests/grpc_version.py
index 118607e77e..74ecd9667d 100644
--- a/src/python/grpcio_tests/grpc_version.py
+++ b/src/python/grpcio_tests/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/src/python/grpcio_tests/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
diff --git a/src/ruby/lib/grpc/version.rb b/src/ruby/lib/grpc/version.rb
index 2e288b76a1..da67d023fa 100644
--- a/src/ruby/lib/grpc/version.rb
+++ b/src/ruby/lib/grpc/version.rb
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
 
 # GRPC contains the General RPC module.
 module GRPC
-  VERSION = '1.61.0.pre1'
+  VERSION = '1.61.0.pre2'
 end
diff --git a/src/ruby/nativedebug/version.rb b/src/ruby/nativedebug/version.rb
index f32294cf2a..5bf889d799 100644
--- a/src/ruby/nativedebug/version.rb
+++ b/src/ruby/nativedebug/version.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@
 
 module GRPC
   module NativeDebug
-    VERSION = '1.61.0.pre1'
+    VERSION = '1.61.0.pre2'
   end
 end
diff --git a/src/ruby/tools/version.rb b/src/ruby/tools/version.rb
index dfe2bb4f3d..0a06dc8429 100644
--- a/src/ruby/tools/version.rb
+++ b/src/ruby/tools/version.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@
 
 module GRPC
   module Tools
-    VERSION = '1.61.0.pre1'
+    VERSION = '1.61.0.pre2'
   end
 end
diff --git a/tools/distrib/python/grpc_version.py b/tools/distrib/python/grpc_version.py
index 31ddb9b0e0..d87a18039f 100644
--- a/tools/distrib/python/grpc_version.py
+++ b/tools/distrib/python/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/tools/distrib/python/grpcio_tools/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
 PROTOBUF_VERSION = '3.25.1'
diff --git a/tools/distrib/python/grpcio_tools/grpc_version.py b/tools/distrib/python/grpcio_tools/grpc_version.py
index 41c51951c8..8a377f762d 100644
--- a/tools/distrib/python/grpcio_tools/grpc_version.py
+++ b/tools/distrib/python/grpcio_tools/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/tools/distrib/python/grpcio_tools/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
 PROTOBUF_VERSION = '3.25.1'
diff --git a/tools/distrib/python/xds_protos/grpc_version.py b/tools/distrib/python/xds_protos/grpc_version.py
index ad9742851a..f311e7c3dd 100644
--- a/tools/distrib/python/xds_protos/grpc_version.py
+++ b/tools/distrib/python/xds_protos/grpc_version.py
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
 
 # AUTO-GENERATED FROM `$REPO_ROOT/templates/tools/distrib/python/grpcio_tools/grpc_version.py.template`!!!
 
-VERSION = '1.61.0rc1'
+VERSION = '1.61.0rc2'
 PROTOBUF_VERSION = '3.25.1'
diff --git a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++ b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++
index 125a25ef79..7eefb7ffba 100644
--- a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++
+++ b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = "GRPC C++"
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre1
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre2
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a
diff --git a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++.internal b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++.internal
index 6e790e333e..f128197a43 100644
--- a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++.internal
+++ b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.c++.internal
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = "GRPC C++"
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre1
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre2
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a
diff --git a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc
index 1e877ac6ca..71691f4e62 100644
--- a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc
+++ b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = "GRPC Objective-C"
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre1
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre2
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a
diff --git a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc.internal b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc.internal
index 8a7784d93a..29326ca827 100644
--- a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc.internal
+++ b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.objc.internal
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = "GRPC Objective-C"
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre1
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre2
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a
diff --git a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.php b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.php
index 705360cc76..e680f3773f 100644
--- a/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.php
+++ b/tools/doxygen/Doxyfile.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = "GRPC PHP"
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre1
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.61.0-pre2
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a